di Trianello » 31/12/2010, 0:45
In questo periodo non ho molto tempo da dedicare al Forum, ergo mi limito a postare il contenuto della voce Lilith dell'Encyclopedia Judaica (edizione 2007), Vol. 13 pp. 17-19 (il testo è in inglese).
LILITH, a female demon assigned a central position in Jewish
demonology. She appears briefly in the Sumerian Gilgamesh
epic and is found in Babylonian demonology, which identifies
similar male and female spirits – Lilu and Lilitu respectively
– which are etymologically unrelated to the Hebrew
word laylah (“night”). These mazikim (“harmful spirits”) have
various roles: one of them – the Ardat-Lilith – preys on males,
while others imperil women in childbirth and their children.
An example of the latter kind is Lamashtu, against whom incantation
formulas have been preserved in Assyrian. Winged
female demons who strangle children are known from a Hebrew
or Canaanite inscription found at Arslan-Tash in northern
Syria and dating from about the seventh or eighth century
B.C.E. Whether or not Lilith is mentioned in this incantation,
which adjures the stranglers not to enter the house, is a moot
point, depending on the addition of a missing letter: “To her
that flies in rooms of darkness – pass quickly, quickly, Lil[ith].”
In Scripture there is only one reference to Lilith (Isa. 34:14),
among the beasts of prey and the spirits that will lay waste the
land on the day of vengeance. In sources dating from earlier
centuries, traditions concerning the female demon who endangers
women in childbirth and who assumes many guises
and names are distinct from the explicit tradition on Lilith recorded
in the Talmud. Whereas the Babylonian Lilu is mentioned
as some kind of male demon with no defined function,
Lilith appears as a female demon with a woman’s face,
long hair, and wings (Er. 100b; Nid. 24b). A man sleeping in a
house alone may be seized by Lilith (Shab. 151b); while the demon
Hormiz, or Ormuzd, is mentioned as one of her sons (BB
73b). There is no foundation to the later commentaries that
identify Lilith with the demon Agrath, daughter of Mahalath,
who goes abroad at night with 180,000 pernicious angels (Pes.
112b). Nevertheless, a female demon who is known by tens of
thousands of names and moves about the world at night, visiting
women in childbirth and endeavoring to strangle their
newborn babies, is mentioned in the Testament of Solomon,
a Greek work of about the third century. Although preserved
in a Christian version, this work is certainly based on Judeo-
Hellenistic magic. Here the female demon is called Obizoth,
and it is related that one of the mystical names of the angel
Raphael inscribed on an amulet prevents her from inflicting
injury. Lilith is identified as a demon in the Dead Sea Scrolls
(11QpsAp). The name Lilith was also inscribed on incantation
bowls of Sassanian Babylonia. Although such bowls were not
an exclusively Jewish phenomenon, some invoke rabbinic divorce
formulas to exorcize demons.
Midrashic literature expands the legend that Adam,
having parted from his wife after it had been ordained that
they should die, begat demons from spirits that had attached
themselves to him. It is said that “he was encountered by a
Lilith named Piznai who, taken by his beauty, lay with him
and bore male and female demons.” The firstborn son of this
demonic union was Agrimas (see the Midrash published in
Ha-Goren, 9 (1914), 66–68; Dvir, 1 (1923), 138; and L. Ginzberg,
Legends of the Jews, 5 (1925), 166). The offspring of this Lilith
fill the world. A transmuted version of this legend appears
in the Alphabet of Ben Sira, a Midrash of the geonic period,
which sets out to explain the already widespread custom of
writing amulets against Lilith. Here she is identified with the
“first Eve,” who was created from the earth at the same time
as Adam, and who, unwilling to forgo her equality, disputed
with him the manner of their intercourse. Pronouncing the
Ineffable Name, she flew off into the air. On Adam’s request,
the Almighty sent after her the three angels Snwy, Snsnwy,
and Smnglf; finding her in the Red Sea, the angels threatened
that if she did not return, 100 of her sons would die every day.
She refused, claiming that she was expressly created to harm
newborn infants. However, she had to swear that whenever
she saw the image of those angels in an amulet, she would lose
her power over the infant. Here the legend concerning the wife
of Adam who preceded the creation of Eve (Gen. 2) merges
with the earlier legend of Lilith as a demon who kills infants
and endangers women in childbirth. This later version of the
myth has many parallels in Christian literature from Byzantine
(which probably preceded it) and later periods. The female demon
is known by different names, many of which reappear in
the same or in slightly altered forms in the literature of practical
Kabbalah (as, for example, the name Obizoth from the
Testament of Solomon), and the place of the angels is taken by
three saints – Sines, Sisinnios, and Synodoros. The legend also
found its way into Arabic demonology, where Lilith is known
as Karina, Tabi’a, or “the mother of the infants.” The personification
of Lilith as a strangler of babies is already clear in Jewish
incantations, written in Babylonian Aramaic, which predate
the Alphabet of Ben Sira. A late Midrash (Ba-Midbar Rabbah,
end of ch. 16) also mentions her in this respect: “When Lilith
finds no children born, she turns on her own” – a motif which
relates her to the Babylonian Lamashtu.
From these ancient traditions, the image of Lilith was
fixed in kabbalistic demonology. Here, too, she has two primary
roles: the strangler of children (sometimes replaced in
the Zohar by Naamah), and the seducer of men, from whose
nocturnal emissions she bears an infinite number of demonic
sons. In this latter role she appears at the head of a vast host,
who share in her activities. Belief in her erotic powers led
some Jewish communities to adopt the custom of sons not
accompanying their dead father’s body to the cemetery because
they would be shamed by the hovering presence of their
demon step-siblings, born of their father’s seduction by Lilith.
In the Zohar, as in other sources, she is known by such
appellations as Lilith, the harlot, the wicked, the false, or the
black. (The above-mentioned combination of motifs appears
in the Zohar I, 14b, 54b; II, 96a, 111a; III, 19a, 76b.) She is generally
numbered among the four mothers of the demons, the
others being Agrat, Mahalath, and Naamah. Wholly new in
the kabbalistic concept of Lilith is her appearance as the permanent
partner of Samael, queen of the realm of the forces of
evil (the sitra ahra). In that world (the world of the kelippot)
she fulfills a function parallel to that of the Shekhinah (“Divine
Presence”) in the world of sanctity: just as the Shekhinah
is the mother of the House of Israel, so Lilith is the mother of
the unholy folk who constituted the “mixed multitude” (the
erev-rav) and ruled over all that is impure. This conception
is first found in the sources used by Isaac b. Jacob ha-Kohen,
and later in Ammud ha-Semali by his disciple, Moses b. Solomon
b. Simeon of Burgos. Both here, and later in the Tikkunei
Zohar, there crystallizes the conception of various degrees of
Lilith, internal and external. Likewise we find Lilith the older,
the wife of Samael, and Lilith the younger, the wife of Asmodeus
(see Tarbiz, 4 (1932/33), 72) in the writings of Isaac ha-
Kohen and thereafter in the writings of most kabbalists. Some
of these identify the two harlots who appeared in judgment
before Solomon with Lilith and Naamah or Lilith and Agrat,
an idea which is already hinted at in the Zohar and in contemporary
writings (see Tarbiz, 19 (1947/48), 172–5).
Widespread, too, is the identification of Lilith with the
Queen of Sheba – a notion with many ramifications in Jewish
folklore. It originates in the Targum to Job 1:15 based on a Jewish
and Arab myth that the Queen of Sheba was actually a jinn,
half human and half demon. This view was known to Moses
b. Shem Tov de Leon and is also mentioned in the Zohar. In
Livnat ba-Sappir Joseph Angelino maintains that the riddles
which the Queen of Sheba posed to Solomon are a repetition
of the words of seduction which the first Lilith spoke to Adam.
In Ashkenazi folklore, this figure coalesced with the popular
image of Helen of Troy or the Frau Venus of German mythology.
Until recent generations the Queen of Sheba was popularly
pictured as a snatcher of children and a demonic witch.
It is probable that there is a residue of the image of Lilith as
Satan’s partner in popular late medieval European notions of
Satan’s concubine, or wife in English folklore – “the Devil’s
Dame” – and of Satan’s grandmother in German folklore. In
the German drama on the female pope Jutta (Johanna), which
was printed in 1565 though according to its publisher it was
written in 1480, the grandmother’s name is Lilith. Here she is
depicted as a seductive dancer, a motif commonly found in
Ashkenazi Jewish incantations involving the Queen of Sheba.
In the writings of Hayyim Vital (Sefer ha-Likkutim (1913), 6b),
Lilith sometimes appears to people in the form of a cat, goose
or other creature, and she holds sway not for eight days alone
in the case of a male infant and 20 for a female (as recorded in
the Alphabet of Ben Sira), but for 40 and 60 days respectively.
In the Kabbalah, influenced by astrology, Lilith is related to
the planet Saturn, and all those of a melancholy disposition –
of a “black humor” – are her sons (Zohar, Ra’aya Meheimna
III, 227b). From the 16t century it was commonly believed
that if an infant laughed in his sleep it was an indication that
Lilith was playing with him, and it was therefore advisable to
tap him on the nose to avert the danger (H. Vital, Sefer ha-
Likkutim (1913), 78c; Emek ha-Melekh, 130b).
It was very common to protect women who were giving
birth from the power of Lilith by affixing amulets over
the bed or on all four walls of the room. The earliest forms of
these, in Aramaic, are included in Montgomery’s collection
(see bibl.). The first Hebrew version appears in the Alphabet
of Ben Sira, which states that the amulet should contain not
only the names of the three angels who prevail over Lilith, but
also “their form, wings, hands, and legs.” This version gained
wide acceptance, and amulets of this type were even printed
by the 18t century. According to Shimmush Tehillim, a book
dating from the geonic period, amulets written for women
who used to lose their children customarily included Psalm
126 (later replaced by Ps. 121) and the names of these three
angels. In the Orient, also amulets representing Lilith herself
“bound in chains” were current. Many amulets include
the story of the prophet Elijah meeting Lilith on her way to
the house of a woman in childbirth “to give her the sleep of
death, to take her son and drink his blood, to suck the marrow
of his bones and to eat his flesh” (in other versions: “to
leave his flesh”). Elijah excommunicated her, whereupon she
undertook not to harm women in childbirth whenever she
saw or heard her names. This version is doubtless taken from a
Christian Byzantine formula against the female demon Gyllo,
who was exorcised by the three saints mentioned above. The
transfer from the Greek to the Hebrew version is clearly seen
in the formula of the 15t-century Hebrew incantation from
Candia (see Crete), which was published by Cassuto (RSO, 15
(1935), 260), in which it is not Elijah but the archangel Michael
who, coming from Sinai, encounters Lilith. Though the Greek
names were progressively corrupted as time elapsed, by the
14t century new Greek names for “Lilith’s entourage” appear
in a manuscript of practical Kabbalah which includes material
from a much earlier date (British Museum Add. Ms. 15299,
fol. 84b). The story of Elijah and Lilith included in the second
edition of David Lida’s Sod ha-Shem (Berlin, 1710, p. 20a) is
found in the majority of the later amulets against Lilith, one
of her names being Striga – an enchantress, either woman or
demon – or Astriga. In one of its mutations this name appears
as the angel Astaribo, whom Elijah also encountered; in many
incantations he takes the place of Lilith, a substitution found
in a Yiddish version of the story dating from 1695. Also extant
are versions of the incantation in which Lilith is replaced
by the Evil Eye, the star Margalya, or the demon familiar in
Jewish and Arab literature, Maimon the Black. In European
belles lettres, the Lilith story in various versions has been a
fruitful narrative theme.
[Gershom Scholem]
Lilith is identified as a demon in the Dead Sea Scrolls
(11QpsAp). The name Lilith was also inscribed on incantation
bowls of Sassanian Babylonia. Although such bowls were not
an exclusively Jewish phenomenon, some invoke rabbinic divorce
formulas to exorcise demons. Belief in her erotic powers
led some Jewish communities to adopt the custom of sons not
accompanying their dead father’s body to the cemetery because
they would be shamed by the hovering presence of their demon
step-siblings, born of their father’s seduction by Lilith.
Medieval Christian theology shows no explicit awareness
of the Lilith of the Alphabet of Ben Sira, but its emphasis
on female responsibility for the seduction and fall of Adam
and Eve and the association of women with temptation and
sin reflects a similar tradition. Christian literary texts allude
to Lilith, usually in relation to Satan, but sometimes in relation
to figures who are sexually miscast. For example, Lilith
is the grandmother of the female pope described in a 15t-
century German drama by Theodoricus Schernberg; she appears
as Adam’s first wife in poems and art by Dante Gabriel
Rossetti; in Victor Hugo’s La Fin de Satan; in a play by Achim
von Arnim; and in Goethe’s Faust.
In recent years, feminists have reconfigured the Lilith
myth, claiming it reveals male anxiety about women who cannot
be kept under patriarchal control. Lilith is admired as a
woman who opposed Adam’s attempts at hegemony over her,
who had a firm will, and who possessed the power of secret
knowledge to assert her autonomy. In feminist versions of the
creation story, Lilith demands equality with Adam. Her expulsion
from the Garden of Eden indicates not her evil, but
the intolerance of male entities, Adam and God, who insist
on defining and controlling women. Her independence and
knowledge reveal not her demonic nature or sexual miscasting,
but represent all women seeking liberation from the imposition
of narrow gender roles. In a feminist Midrash, Judith
Plaskow imagined Lilith returning to the Garden of Eden and
forming a friendship with Eve, who now began to question her
subservience to Adam. Plaskow’s story concludes with God
and Adam left in confusion, fearing “the day Eve and Lilith
returned to the garden, bursting with possibilities, ready to
rebuild it together.”
Feminist reclamations of Lilith in the last quarter of the
20t century include the Lilith Fair, an annual summer women’s
music festival; Lilith Magazine, the first Jewish feminist
periodical, founded in 1976; and a women’s bookstore in Berlin
named Lilith. Lilith is also the subject of art, poetry, and
even new religious rituals designed to affirm women’s strength
and spirituality.
[Susannah Heschel (2nd ed.)]
PresentazioneDeus non deserit si non deseratur Augustinus Hipponensis (De nat. et gr. 26, 29)